As part of a research project funded by Making All Voices Count, Results for Development’s governance team is exploring how technology innovation hubs in Africa are engaging with local policy-makers, and whether these interactions influence the co-creation of government policies and solutions.
The first step in this process, however, is defining what we mean by ‘tech innovation hub’.
What is a tech innovation hub?
There are many possible answers to this question. Hubs are one embodiment of the ‘lab’ universe, a huge conceptual space filled with incubators and accelerators, action labs and living labs, combinators and co-working spaces. What all of these spaces share is that they are innovation labs bringing technological know-how and entrepreneurial energy to problem-solving. A lab “creates a dialogue, listening carefully...to all the voices, and then tries to translate them, mix them, and amplify them to prototype and develop alternatives” (Labcraft). Labs have value, according to UNICEF’s guide, because they bring together diverse stakeholders, lower barriers to solutions from co-creators, are embedded in their local context, and encourage collaboration through shared physical space.
However, strongly divergent opinions exist on this last issue of physical co-location. Some argue that literally rubbing shoulders is necessary for the magic of labs to flourish (Bridgespan et al., 2014; GIZ, 2012), while others downplay its importance (Sailer, 2015; Bloom and Faulkner, 2015). Some even seem hostile to funders “enamoured with... curvy furniture and futuristic displays” (Quaggiotti, 2014).
Our research embraces the consensus that a successful lab will build a diverse, networked community around a core, intentional, well-designed space (Toivonen and Friederici, 2015; Labcraft; InfoDev, 2014). Curvy furniture isn’t necessary – “you can just meet under a tree” (Bloom and Faulkner, 2015) as long as, at least some of the time, innovators engage with each other via in-person “creative clashes” (Toivonen and Friederici, 2015).
With this admittedly broad starting point, we can now try to conceptualise the different types of labs, in order to place our research within the broader universe and bounding that universe on a few spectrums. It’s important to note, however, that these are not hard and fast separations, and most labs will blur most of the following lines (Toivonen, 2015). Still, we consider them useful tools for thought.
Spectrum 1: Is the goal of the lab viable commercial market innovations or innovative social impact?
Business-focused labs are commercial “accelerators” or “incubators” often backed by for-profit investors looking for significant returns. Incubators have to be selective in their acceptance of tenants, initiatives or participants, because the selected projects receive a highly structured support programme and then ‘graduate’ to survive or fail in the marketplace (Friederici, 2015a; Roberts et al., 2016). Incubators therefore measure their success through the quantity or quality of viable startups created (Friderici, 2015a; Friederici, 2015b; Labcraft).
Hubs, on the other hand, tend to be broader and more open with a strong orientation on networking an internal community for larger positive social change (Friederici, 2015a). They can still be for-profit, but they explicitly focus on social innovation, usually to generate knowledge or provide services to impact lives (Bridgespan et al., 2014) through human-centred development, community empowerment, and other difficult-to-measure concepts without directly contributing to market-based measures (Jimenez Cisneros and Y. Zheng, forthcoming; Bloom and Faulkner, 2015).
Of course, placing labs firmly on this continuum isn’t easy. Many labs’ missions creep as they evolve (InfoDev, 2014), and others straddle the middle section of this spectrum with a “double bottom line” approach (Kozlowski, 2012).
Still, we now have a business orientation versus a social orientation.
Spectrum 2: How much programmatic freedom does the lab have?
In other words, do the labs’ set ups and funding/operational models allow them to pursue the problems that inspired their creation in their own entrepreneurial way?
On the less independent side are those labs that are financially or physically dependent on a primary partner who takes a heavy hand in the lab’s programming (Bloom and Faulkner, 2015; UN Global Pulse, 2013). These can include “social impact hubs” or others sponsored by universities or public entities that hinder the labs’ ability to adapt and innovate (InfoDev, 2014), force them to “innovate within the box” (Toivonen, 2015), or drive a focus just on winning government tenders (Bridgespan et al., 2014; Infodev, 2014). Or they may may be philanthropically-supported labs that – depending on the mix of grant-funding and core support – end up “labwashed”, responding to donor wishes rather than local, mission-specific needs (Labcraft). This category could also include market-oriented labs anchored to a major partner or private firm (Labcraft; Gathege and Moraa, 2013) that, while invested in the entrepreneurial success of the lab, domineeringly shapes the hub’s work (Labcraft; Gathege and Moraa, 2013).
At the other end of the spectrum are the more programmatically independent hubs. Individual entrepreneurs or visionary founders may be more able to design viable models for self-sustainability (Gathege and Moraa, 2013; Koltai & Company, 2013). Hubs set up by private mission-based foundations, semi-academic labs connected to broad research networks rather than a specific university, and hubs that subsist through consulting or renting their space would fall here (Kelly and Firestone, 2016; Bridgespan et al., 2014; Treisman, 2015). So too could incubators who grow through equity stakes in successful incubatees, Silicon Valley-style (Kelly and Firestone, 2016), as well as “living labs” aligning business, academic, civil society, and public interests around a specific goal (Gumbo et al., 2012). Labs that coalesce organically around a joint mission will probably have a large degree of independence, depending on the funding source they drew upon to actually constitute themselves (Kelly and Firestone, 2016; UNICEF, 2012).
So, now we have business versus social orientation, plus degree of programmatic independence. With those two spectrums, we can produce a matrix.
Types of tech innovation labs and real-world map
In our research, we are focusing on tech innovation hubs with some level of interaction with policymakers and some element of social impact. In the matrix, then, the hubs we research will most likely fall in Quadrants 1 and 2, as well as the double bottom line parts of Quadrants 3 and 4.
It would perhaps be useful to close with a quick map of a few actual examples. Disclaimer: This is quick, dirty, and not perfectly scientific.
(If you want to find out more about the hubs on this map, please see: Bhavishaya Alliance, Botswana Innovation Hub, Centro de Innovación Social, iHub Kenya, Jozihub, Open Gov Hub, MEST Ghana, mLab ECA, mLab Southern Africa, RLabs, and UN Global Pulse Labs).
If you’re still reading, then you must really care about this concept, like us! Feel free to peruse our open access bibliography here. You’ll see that the lab literature has addressed a variety of additional interesting insights and debates, from:
- Is the whole lab concept hype or impactful? Similarly, do incubators work or not (or sometimes)?
- Sustainability challenges, from the granular to the systemic.
- Lab design do’s and don’ts, for potential hub founders, acceleration programmes, donors and supporters, public sponsors, or all of the above.
We hope with that our research will contribute to these insights by shining some light on the as yet unclear relationships between tech innovation hubs, policymakers, and policymaking. The project will be ending in March 2017, so look out for our findings on the R4D and Making All Voices Count websites.
This is a revised version of a blog that was originally published on the R4D website.